Organic Foods Can Be Dangerous Essay

Do you know about the food that you are eating or how it is being grown? Genetically modified foods is the way scientists can make food crops stay fresher, grow bigger, and have the crops create their own pesticide. Sounds good right? Wrong! Genetically modified foods need to be monitored and removed from everyday agriculture because of the threat they pose to human health, the environment, and the impact on the global economy. Organic food can be a hazard to human’s health. There are three natural chemical’s contained in some organically grown foods that can cause a risk of cancer to people. DDT, DDE, or Alar, these are 3 pesticides that are banned in the U. S. and other countries (Silver, 2006). Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is used by organic farmers that has been known to be used to kill fish and it has been linked to Parkinson’s disease. Another pesticide used by organic farmers, pyrenthrin, it is known to be used on the day crops are being harvested, can result in breathing problems when it is inhaled (Silver, 2006). In 1989 it was reported that dozens of Americans died and several thousand were impaired by a genetically modified food supplement known as L-trptophan and it created an ailment known as (EMS) eosinophilia myalgia syndrome. The GMO was released without being tested. A settlement of 2 billion dollars was paid out by the manufacturer (Batalion ND, 2009). Planting organic crops can be very damaging to the environment. People would think that because the food is organic it would mean less chemicals and it would be better for the environment but that is wrong because the natural pesticide rotenone-pyrethnin is very toxic and it is dangerous to our aquatic life and fish. It is also said that not all organic soil additives and pest-controls are non-toxic and that toxic residues remain on the organic food. In my research I also found that genetically modified Bt endotoxin remains in the soil for at least 18 months and it can be transported to wild plants causing super weeds that are resistant to such organisms as butterflies, moths, and beetle pests which will disturb the balance of nature. By carrying genetically modified pollen by wind, rain, birds, bees, insects, fungus, bacteria- the entire chain of life becomes involved. What needs to be known is that once it is released, there is no recall or cleanup possible. Whenever delivering organic foods to the market it can cause higher food prices as well as causing some countries to have more assets than others. One of the reasons it is so expensive to deliver organic foods to the market is because of post-handling of small quantities of organic foods causes higher prices because of the mandatory segregation of organic and conventional produce. Marketing and the distribution of organic foods is inefficient and volumes are small and that is another reason for higher costs. As for why rich countries profit more from organic foods than poor countries do, there seems to be numerous reasons. The world’s richest nations, especially America and Europe, deliberately pay their farmers to produce too far much food at low prices to prevent the world’s poorest farmers from being able to compete. Did you know that the average family pays $1000 each year in taxes to the world’s most wealthy farmers, while farmers in poor countries suffer in poverty? Another disadvantage of organic foods is that most organic food have a shorter shelf life than non-organic food products. Preservatives are not used in the processing of the organic foods, so it spoils more quickly. Organics have a shorter shelf life and retailers often take huge losses by having to trim organic produce, adding more to the final consumer price. With organic foods not having anti-bacterial agents, the pathogens have already started to multiply in organic foods and invading the cell walls of the plants tissues within hours of harvesting. The inevitable signs of organic foods having a shorter shelf life is the diminishing quality such as shrinking, fading, drying and changes in the texture and the color that make the foods look less appealing to the customer. Even though organic foods have their disadvantages, there are still some advantages to using organic foods. I personally think that by planting organic foods that there would be a chance to help third world countries feed their own. If organic farming can produce super foods and make larger yields of crops and make crops grow faster then I believe it would be what we need to stop world hunger. It would require a lot of experimentation I am sure but, would it not be worth it if it would stop some of the world hunger that is starving people to death? Another advantage of organic foods is that they help people from ingesting regular amounts of pesticides and insecticides commonly found in commercial products. Organic foods also protect the planet. Organic farming ensures that bio-diversity remains available in the foods we eat. Organic farming is considered to be sustainable farming. The farmers and workers are not exposed to dangerous toxins or bad living or working conditions. Sustainable farming protects humans, animals, and the environment. Increasing the demand for organic products will help people to want to use this type of farming and by using organic we are ensuring that the food our children are eating is healthy. With healthy foods there is a chance of stopping the obesity epidemic that is all over the world today. In conclusion, the environmental issue of organic foods is a very complex one. Organic foods can cause possible risks and harm on human’s health as well as the environment, furthermore it brings an impact on the global economy, and for these three reasons, organic food should be researched further or completely banned. If it could be researched further and organic farming could help with world hunger then it would be something that could help our third world countries and then it would be considered to be an advantage.

Coca Cola CSR

It has funded polio radiation and blood donation camps, along with providing a 24-hour emergency service for children. In some districts of Andorra Pradesh, Coca-Cola has conducted camps for Hepatitis-B vaccinations, eye checkups, and malaria eradication. In partnership with ‘Restrain Gratin Indri Visas' (a Kuwaiti-based MONGO), the company decided to establish â€Å"Argosy Health Clinic† in Brilliant, Megalith. In March, 2011, it was dedicated to the local community. Even though it is operational for only four days a week, all visiting patients are issued â€Å"Argosy Health Card† and free basic medicines.Drinking water projects In Maharajah's and Gujarat helped to provide clean potable water to the local communities. When It comes to environment care, Coca-Cola Is at the top of the game. Its packaging framework Is aimed at recycling. A PET recycling project in Iambi collected used glass bottles, cans, etc. The company has initiated rainwater harvesting schemes ( over 500 structures), watershed projects and reverse filter system. Over the last 4 years, the water efficiency of company plant operations has improved by 40%. It reduced its emission of greenhouse gases by three-fourths by using alternative cooling techniques for its reduces.Approximately 20% of energy used by Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pet. Ltd. Comes from renewable energy mix and HICCUP plans to expand it to 40% by the year 2020. When critics alleged that Coca-Cola was harming the society in various ways, it addressed the Issues by opening an exclusive website. It was discovered that Coca Cola India had carries out its CARS actively across 45 bottling plants by spending 70-80 million annually. In 2003, a programmer called ‘Parental' was started, which trained small retailers In India. ‘Jakarta Learning Centre' were munched in 2003, which educated nearly 1800 children near its bottling facilities in Puny.This inspiring company has set up around 2000 schools in Indi a. A ‘Career Development Center' was established at Dash, Gabbed in 2010. It intends to boost the skills of the local youth and augment their abilities so they can avail better employment opportunities. Courses in IT, Service Industry and English speaking are offered by this center. Since then, it has benefited around 209 youngsters, helping them get their first Jobs. Over 500 scholarships have been awarded to over 135,000 dents from 116 Army Schools spread across the country.Coca-Cola India received four awards at the prestigious World CARS Congress In Iambi on 18th February 2013. These were all examples of Coca Cola's efforts In Just India. All around the world, Coca-Cola makes an effort to prevent disasters and help In the aftermath of one, not Just through funding, but also through volunteer work. Emergency relief plans are in place, so that resources can be embroiled quickly. It works together with rehabilitation efforts. The Replenish Africa Initiative (RAIN) strives to increase access o clean water for 2 million people in Africa by 2015.RAIN is backed by a six-year, $30 million dollar commitment by The Coca-Cola Company. A programmer called ‘Let's Move Magic Together' in Serbia was launched, in which more than 15,000 children's books were collected and 11 hospitals have had their common rooms renovated. As a participant in the United Nations Global Compact (UNC), Coca Cola is one of a number of businesses committed to aligning their strategies and operations with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption.As part of its participation in the CEO Water Mandate, it helped fund and develop Water Action Hub', a website that helps Nags, governments, and communities connect and collaborate on water issues of mutual interest. The company is making efforts to promote sustainable citrus production in Costa Rica by partnering with their supplier, Autocratic, and EARTH University. In the Unit ed States, it has collaborated with multiple partners so as to educate farmers about using water efficiently, thus aiming to improve the water flow and quality in rivers in Utah, Mississippi, Arizona, etc.

Analysis of the Postal Rule

Analysis of the Postal Rule The purpose of this brief is to examine and evaluate the effectiveness and relevance of the Postal rule in the modern context of contract law. Generally, the Postal rule is used to resolve disputes where there is no formal communication received, or it is delayed by post. It is a set of principles that allow the courts to establish that a contract has or has not been formed at a particular point in time, despite the absence of the offeror receiving any formal communication of an offer. Specifically, this brief sets out to examine the aged precedents that the Postal rule relies upon to survive, and analyse them in conjunction with the changing face of communication on a global scale. Finally, it will attempt to recommend a conclusion based upon this discussion, and assess a way forward for the UK jurisdiction, given the increase of use of electronic communication, and the embracing of such means in the community worldwide. The postal rule is an alternative means of accepting an offer . It is a set of rules that govern whenever communication of acceptance has been sent by post, and are used to resolve any disputes where there is doubt as to the effectiveness of the communication of the offer. The general rule that has been adopted under English law in regards to acceptance by post is given by the case of Adams v Lindsell . [1] This case involved the defendants offering to sell wool to the plaintiffs, and asking for a reply by post. The plaintiffs’ letter was delayed in the post, and hence the defendants sold the wool to someone else, believing that the plaintiffs were no longer interested in the deal. However, the court heard that the plaintiffs had sent a letter of reply on the same day they received the offer, and hence the court held that there was an enforceable contract. The principle behind this decision was that a communication of acceptance of an offer becomes valid once it is posted by the offeree, not when it is received and opened by the offer or. This principle allows for a party to still have rights to an enforceable contract even where the procedural matters are delayed beyond their control. It effectively exonerates the offeree from any liability once a letter of acceptance has been posted to the offeror, and places the onus on the offeror to satisfy the procedural requirements of the contract. As was seen in Adams v Lindsell if the offeror does not wait for a reasonable period of time for confirmation, and subsequently disposes of the goods or services, then they may be liable if it so happens that the confirmation arrives at a later stage. Justifications for the Postal Rule A number of justifications for the postal rule of Adams v Lindsell are discussed by Ewan McKendrick in his book, ‘Contract Law’. Firstly, it is argued that the Post Office acts as an agent of the offeree, and hence once the letter is received by an agent, this constitutes valid communication of acceptance. [2] McKendrick says th at this is open to debate, given that the Post Office clearly has no express authority to contract on behalf of the offeree. [3] Secondly, it is argued that given the offeror has chosen to initiate negotiations by post, then the offeror must bear all responsibility associated with the postage of documents relating to the contract. However, this justification has been brought into question by the decision in Henthorn v Fraser , [4] where it was held that the postal rule only applies where it is reasonable to use the post. As McKendrick discusses, the issue of what exactly constitutes a reasonable situation to use the post is questionable, for example, where two parties live a significant distance from one another it may be reasonable to use the post, however it is not necessary to initiate negotiations through the post. [5] It would, therefore, be unlikely that such a justification could be relied upon; given there is uncertainty as to when it becomes reasonable to use the po st. A more solid justification is that an offeree should be able to rely upon the fact that he or she has posted the acceptance, and hence has satisfied his or her procedural duties under the rules governing the formation of a contract. McKendrick says that a better way of viewing the postal rule in light of this justification is that, once the letter is posted, the offeror cannot revoke his offer, rather than the acceptance taking effect once the letter has been sent. [6] It places the onus squarely on the offeror, given that the offeree has complied with all reasonable requests required of him in accepting the offer. However, the general rule discussed in Adams was further elaborated upon and entrenched in the later case of Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant . [7] In this case, it was held that an acceptance of offer communicated by post becomes valid once it has been posted by the offeree, not when it is received and opened by the offeror. This fur ther strengthens the justification that it is the responsibility of the offeror to allow for any delays or mishandlings by the Post Office in regards to any contractual negotiations conducted by post.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Research Methods - Essay Example e of the best methods should be made with special seriousness otherwise incorrect and irrelevant research techniques may bring the study to invalid and erroneous findings (Freeman, Robinson & Woodley 2004). In its widest meaning, the word â€Å"method† can be interpreted as a way to something and represents more an artificial than existed in nature the system of rules and operations (Kothari 2006). Basically, research methods are implemented to gather the full data base with the help of which a researcher is able to make appropriate conclusions and elaborate further recommendations on how to benefit from favorable consequences or eliminate the negative influence. According to Walliman (2011, p. 7), research methods are all â€Å"about advancing the frontiers of knowledge†. The usage of various research methods for one study increases the accuracy of the findings and helps to view the problem from the different aspects. The bright example of research combination is the study of Luthans and Sommer, who based their results on both qualitative and quantitative methods. The article emphasizes how seriously the market conditions have been changed compared to previous periods of production relationships. Hence, the favorable results of each company’s performance are influenced by management’s policy aimed at the improvement of product characteristics, raise of product quality, decrease of total costs, increase of productivity and superiority over competitors (Luthans & Sommer 2005). It is important to persuade the target consumers that offered brand is better than the rest of analogues and it is considered that such scheme can be achieved only with the help of strong knowledge base of the company’s personnel, effective training programs, professional skills of senior managers and attractive motivational factors. The study provides extensive demonstration on how relevant management of human resources correlates with company’s financial results. The main purpose of

Film review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Film review - Essay Example In the review of this movie published in 1999, Washington Post staff writer Stephen Hunter claims that the movie is not worth all compliments it received from critics. He motivates his argument by the fact that this movie has nothing special in it. Moreover, he states that the movie is deprived of charm; it is totally empty and it is good only for those people who want to kill their time. Luckily, this opinion is not shared by mass audience and Run Lola Run is treated as a real masterpiece in cinematography. This huge popularity is achieved by the realization of most resent tendencies of postmodernism in the film. In fact, this movie is a game where the rules are known only to the director, and people discover them together with Lola. The opening scene only supports this suggestion. The movies as the beginning of the football match where the referee blows the whistle. Such a beginning can seen strange, but it explains the concept of the film. The director wants to play with people who watch the movie. Every separate episode is unique due to unexpected plot development. The director manages to depict the concept of fate and luck in all of them. In all cases, the chain of events is caused by numerous actions which took place at the same time. All people involved in the story have their specific roles. In many case, the actions are generated on the spot and nobody knows their consequences. At the same time, the change of a single action or decision cases the situation called butterfly effect. The whole chain of events becomes radically different. It shows that all events are linked together and any change bring many other changes after it. This game created by the director is very complicated. Unlike people who watch the movie, the director knows everything. All scenes contain all necessary props and start from the same actions. It is director who decides where the story goes. People who watch the movie can only guess about

Collage of Echoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collage of Echoes - Essay Example A literal interpretation of the poem could simply detail a human experience, whereas an analytical level of interpretation could provide a better justification of the poet’s ideas. In Collage of Echoes, the gender and identity of the persona are not specified, thus for ease of interpretation, one may assume to use the author’s gender. The persona in the poem is doing a self-talk or reflection. In the opening lines, she tells herself, â€Å"I have no promises to keep/Nor miles to go before I sleep† (1-2). These lines reveal that the persona has no obligations to accomplish, and no places to visit. Pleased with this thought, she expresses her intention to sleep or relax. Based on this, readers may think of the persona as a busy person, possibly an adult engaged in business, who, at the end of the day tells herself that she can sleep after she has accomplished her responsibilities. However, the repetition of the phrase, â€Å"no promises to keep† (7) could ma ke the reader realize that a literal interpretation of the poem is not enough to deduce the author’s ideas, hence, a deeper level of analysis is needed. An analytical interpretation of the poem requires deducing of meaning based on the author’s use of literary devices.

Risk Management in a Corperate Retail Store Research Paper

Risk Management in a Corperate Retail Store - Research Paper Example In the final portion of the paper, the researcher identifies important methods of dealing with the issues in JCPenney. This is done through an application of methods and systems of retail risk management and corporate governance. The paper recommends that the management of JCPenney need to re-examine the controls and the risk management system of the supermarket. This should lead to the formulation of alternative systems and strategies for the prevention and control of risks in the supermarket. Retail management is defined by Berman and Evans as â€Å"the art and science of bringing the ultimate consumer a product through a series of stages which are coordinated through a set of defined objectives and strategies† (2009 p1). Retail management therefore entails all the necessary steps that a shop or store goes through to ensure that consumers get products that they desire. However, retail management is a conscious process that involves certain activities and steps that provides optimal services for consumers (Berman and Evans, 2009 p1). This means that for retail management to succeed, there should be a clearly defined end which will be attained through a deliberate and conscious effort to attain that end. 5. Alignment: all stakeholder needs, ranging from shareholders quests for higher profits and the wider societys desire for healthy lives and environmental responsiveness should be aligned to the activities of a retail venture. This therefore means that retail management is intertwined with numerous activities and plans that enables the ends and objectives of the company to be actualized. Management of retail ventures is described as both an art and a science. This therefore means that it is about how to attain stated objectives through rules, regulations and other competencies. 1. Supply chain management and channel distribution: this involves the sourcing of goods from wholesalers or producers and getting them to the final

Respond post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Respond post - Essay Example Safety remains essential aspect in engineering. A company is trying to cut its production cost while comprising the safety of the user is a huge mistake, especially automobile company. The life of the driver of a vehicle is dependent on the efficiency the vehicle when the safety of the driver is not put into consideration while manufacturing the car, and it exposes the driver to any risk. Competing in a market where profit is incurred in cost reduction have result companies like GM not recall faulty cars in order to protect their market share from dropping.This method should not be the best when the business products involve human safety. There should be measure that control business operating in product that risk to human beings The business that is leaving the market due financial loss that lead them been bankrupt is questioning that has no answer. Many of these instances occur due to poor management. The business has failed in providing quality products. This obligation is neglected in search of financial gain. Customers are making their decision on purchases based on the value and quality. If a business fail to meet the demand, it is likely to have a drastic reduction in its sale. Business should put quality as a core of its operation to survive the dynamic

Eye laser surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eye laser surgery - Essay Example Despite the surgery being carried on people’s eyes successfully and improving their natural eyesight, it does not result to lack of use of glasses (Justesen 80). People will still be required to wear glasses to ensure they do not expose their eyes to any other kind of danger. Eye laser surgery is an effective way of correcting and reshaping your eye despite several challenges. They are several reasons as to why this form of surgery might be deemed important. This might be because someone is unable to use contact glasses and do not at any cost need them for their personal reasons such as cosmetic issues (Papel 116). Another reason is that, wearing of glasses limits what one can do especially in reference to entrainment or any other leisure activity that requires rigorous physical participation. In such a situation, the affected individual seeks the help of a surgeon to help with the eye problem through the laser surgery (Justesen 80). Others try to avoid as much as possible the cost of maintaining the contact lens because they require an extra care because of their fragility nature. People should consider several medical grounds before the laser eye surgery process is carried out for precautionary purposes. Surgeons recommend an individual to be over 20 years before they decide to use this medical procedure for their eye corrections (Justesen 80). Before the process is carried out, there is need to determine the thinness of the corneas because this kind of surgery has extra risks which can seriously impact on an individual. In case of a special condition such as diabetes or a weak immune system, doctors should be in a position to advice accordingly. There are several rare side effects associated with laser eye surgery. Most of the notable side effects include glare and the impact of seeing halos around pictures. Others negative effects that result from this kind of eye surgery are challenges while driving at night or in a mist

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Essay Do you like to eat fast food Nowdays people’s lives are becoming faster and faster. Because of a tight schedule, many people decide to eat fast food. Fast food is a western food. Fast food refers to any poor nutrition food that is easily prepared. Fast food may include chips, hot pies, sandwiches, burgers, kebabs, pizzas, soups, and salads. It also includes drinks, for instance, milkshakes, and soft drinks. Fast food has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of fast food are that fast food is cheap, time saving, and quick. Fast Food Saves Time People can order fast food on their way to or from work, without ever leaving their car, which is drive thru. Fast food is also designed to come in small packaging, So that people can consume it while traveling. Light on the Wallet Its means Eating fast food can save a lot of money for large families, students and anyone else looking to eat out without breaking the bank. Many fast food chains offer discount menus with foods costing. Customers also avoid having to leave a tip when they choose a fast food establishment over a typical restaurant. Easy to find place Some of the most popular fast food chains include McDonalds, KFC, Burger King, Pizza Hut, Dunkin Donuts, and many more. Despite of having many advantages, fast food has many disadvantages including obesity and different kinds of diseases. Obesity Extra calories can lead to being overweight or obese. As we know children nowadays like to eat fast food. So the percentages of obesity among children increase from year to year. With obesity come other problems like high blood pressure, the increasing of cholesterol and other related diseases of the heart that can lead to heart attack and many more serious diseases. Fast food has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages are that it is easy, quick, and inexpensive. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages are that it causes obesity and different kinds of diseases. Eating fast food is like playing with our health and if we lose our health neither the money, nor the time can get it back.

The history of theories of sociology

The history of theories of sociology Many theorists state that the development of 19th century sociology was the response to the dramatic social change of the time. The social upheaval caused by Enlightenment, and the Industrial and French revolutions caused social theorists to develop sociology as a method of explaining, analysing and understanding the social upheaval following these events. Sociology could explain the reasons behind increasing public discontent with traditional values, aristocracy and religion, and also sought to understand and rationalize new societies that subsequently emerged. The nineteenth century was also the century in which sociology would become recognised as an academic discipline. Sociology is defined as The study of human social life, groups and societies (Giddens, 1989). French philosopher Auguste Comte (Waters and Crook, 1993) coined the term; he considered sociology the final stage in the historical development of ideas (Babbie, 2002). Sociology involves describing and analysing how forces, such as social, political, economic and cultural arrangements shape and, influence behaviour and, the impact they have on individual identity construction (van Krieken et al. 2000). Sociology then, has society as its subject matter (Najman and Western, 2000). The assertion that sociological theory arose in the 19th century as an attempt to explain social change can be examined by assessing the influence of historical events, occurring immediately before, during and following briefly that century, had on the development of sociology. The Enlightenment, and the French and Industrial revolutions prompted sociologist to query or challenge the social, economic and political composition of the time. Berger (1970) stated that sociology evolved through the need for understanding the confusion that followed these events. The French revolution began in 1789 as the result of political and social unrest. The underlying factors that influenced the revolution were the corruption of the ruling government regime that led to worker impoverishment. Additionally, to the extortion of taxes from the peasantry and, the hierarchies insistence that they and, the religious sectors remain the owners of political power. This insistence prompted the public to revolt against the ruling regime and the clergy (Giddens, 1997:6-7), the result was the expulsion of the Bourbon monarchy and the establishment of the first republic. The religious sector also suffered with the overthrow of the Divine Rights of Kings, which previously formed the crux of religious belief during this period (van Krieken et al, 2000:23). The sweeping changes that resulted from the French revolution impacted upon the emergence of sociology because there became a sudden need for intellectual awareness in order to cope with the ramifications of the chan ges that had taken place (Berger, 1970:55). The second transformation to occur during the period was the Industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century. This revolution began in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Western Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century (Giddens, 1997:7). The Industrial revolution was a time of massive technological change, before this people had simply produced their own forms of sustenance by way of the barter system or living off of the land (Bilton et al, 1996:33). They were now faced with rapid movement from traditional rural areas to urban areas due to a need to obtain employment and earn a wage to survive. Sustaining their previous lifestyles was no longer possible (van Krieken et al, 2000:23). Sudden urbanisation brought on by the revolution lead to changes in living and working conditions. There was a decline in the number of workers and a reduction in adequate living conditions. Unequal income distribution followed, due to the mass production of goods required to obtain a surplus that could support the lagging economies. The social and political upheaval created by the industrial revolution heavily influenced the work of earlier sociological thinker Karl Marx. Marx believed that under capitalism society would be divided into two classes, the ruling class who owned the means of production (bourgeoisie) and the workers or the oppressed who would be forced to sell their labour (proletariat) (Grabb. 1984:20-21). The result according to Marx is the exploitation of the workforce by the bourgeoisie through the modes of production (Crompton, 1998:27). In turn Marx believed this would lead to what he called the alienation of the workforce, where workers would become disenchanted and no longer be able to derive any pride or satisfaction from their work (Grabb, 1984:24). This revolution spawned some of the most influential sociological work in history. The impact of sociologys emergence in the nineteenth century because of social change is no more evident than in Marxs class analysis. The social forces that lead to the two revolutions provided the context in which sociology would emerge and prosper during the nineteenth century, as a means for understanding the new societies that were being created (Waters and Crook, 1993:7). A further social movement that influenced sociologys emergence was Enlightenment. Enlightenment not only helped to influence the French and Industrial revolutions it was simultaneously influenced by them. Enlightenment was a period during the eighteenth century that was committed to the rise of human knowledge and rationality in evaluating society (Waters and Crook, 1993). During this period, there was an increase in the belief in science that sought to challenge traditions and more specifically religion. The objective was to replace them with rational and scientific principles (van Krieken et al, 2000:23). Sociologists such as Marx, Weber, and Durkheim believed that the changes, which heralded modernity, would make religion obsolete (Giddens, 1997:349). This belief in secularisation made it possible for people to pursue a belief in science and to seek the solution to societies perils through the application and progress of human knowledge (Bilton et al, 1996:37). The idea that sociology was a science based on the same principles as the natural sciences led to the appearance of positivism. Positivism brought with it a way to apply the methodology used in the natural sciences to the study of society (Haralambos et al, 1996: 17). The two revolutions and Enlightenment signaled the arrival of modernity and with this newfound existence came a need to understand these events and the impact they would have in the future (Giddens, 1997:7). Thus, sociology was finally gaining academic legitimacy. Sociology was not recognised as an academic discipline until the late nineteenth, early twentieth century (van Kneken et al. 2000:24). Two of the founding fathers Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are credited with transforming the study into an academic discipline. Before being recognised as a legitimate field of study, sociology was practiced outside of the academic realm (van Krieken et al. 2000:24). In part, sociology was made an academic discipline because people expected that this newly discovered insight could help explain why society changed during the great transformation and could advise on how to improve it (van Krieken et al, 2000:24). The late inception of sociology as an academic discipline may be one of the reasons that sociologists argue that its appearance in the nineteenth century was the result of social forces prevailing at the time. The assertion that sociology appeared in the nineteenth century due to the social forces prevailing at the time is also evident when comp aring structuralism favoured during modernity to post modernism. Although sociology is already an established academic discipline in contemporary societies, current social forces are still transforming it in the same way that it was created to explain and understand them. The structuralist perspective that developed during sociologys initial stages presumed that individuals were the product of their social world, with fixed identities and a universal set of norms and values (van Krieken et al. 2000:22). Structuralism seeks to explain human actions as being produced by social structures. This is in stark contrast to post modern theorists who believe that people shape their own lives and whilst social structures do play a part in an individuals life chances they are by-no means the sole determinant. Post modernists believe that people are able to create and control their own lives (by way of free will and alternative lifestyle choices) more extensively than their earlier counterparts (van Krieken et al, 2000:22). The notion of positivism that was so widely advocated during Enlightenment has fallen by the way in contemporary sociology. Academics in the discipline now believe that human beings cannot be studied in the same way as the natural sciences because the complexities of sociological framework and findings cannot be understood in comparison with the natural sciences (Giddens, 1989:17). Durkheims idea that sociology should not be concerned with an individuals subjective interpretation of society (van Krieken et al, 2000:24) has given way to an avid interest in how people perceive their social world. Moreover, the meanings they attach to that world. A concept known as interpretivism (Bilton et al, 1996:494). Traditionally, structuralist sociology addressed economic issues and how they affected society; this has changed in the post-modern era because of other movements that have formed. For example, the feminist movement, which led to a shift in sociological thought from the economic aspects to analysing how cultural aspects impact on society (van Krieken et al, 2000:28). Postmodern sociological thought has also had to contend with prevailing social forces. Increasing globalisation has produced a need for understanding how and why various forms of consumerism and, consumption have influenced not only society but also, how they create and affect popular culture. Additionally to understand how the growing interaction between the markets and ideals of other countries, influence our own society (van Krieken et al, 2000:28-29). A further aspect of the change from structuralism to postmodernism is the fact that contemporary sociology does not focus purely on social forces. Rather it is also concerned with how individuals construct their identities. Post modernism does not assume that identities are fixed. Nor does it assume that there is a single set of norms or values present in contemporary society. Social factors are no longer considered the only issues that shape, an individuals life chances, there are broader issues of a biological and psychological nature that are central to a persons identity construction (Bilton et al, 1996:7-17). The agency or free will aspect of an individuals life facilitates greater choice in life direction. Traditional notions of marriage, sex roles, religiosity, conceptions of gender and family have changed and are specific to the individual (van Krieken et al, 2000:22). The comparison between structuralist sociology and postmodern sociology illustrates that sociology as a discipline has evolved from its initial form because of contemporary social forces that have materialised. The comparison attempts to demonstrate not only how social forces have changed sociology over time but. It allso shows how social forces prevailing in the centuries leading up to the nineteenth century could account for the emergence of sociology during this period. Anthony Giddens (1989:25) suggests that sociology emerged as a distinct intellectual endeavour with the early development of modern industrialized societies, and the study of such societies remains its principle concern. Thus, sociology continues to survive for the same reasons it emerged, to analyse and explain social phenomena. In summary, there are numerous reasons that sociologists argue that the appearance of sociology in the nineteenth century was itself a result of social forces prevailing at the time. The majority of which can be traced back to the French and Industrial revolutions, Enlightenment, and sociologys acceptance as an academic discipline. Sociology gained momentum during this period as an intellectual alternative to explain the struggles that were taking place in the French revolution. To explain how and why the changes during the Industrial revolution occurred and the affect they would have. These revolutions along with Enlightenment hit society with such force and resulting turmoil that even today they remain firmly entrenched in discussions about the origins of sociology. Sociology found its place among this turmoil by way of the awareness it could provide in analysing and evaluating the new societies that were being formed. The argument that sociology appeared in the nineteenth century because of social forces prevailing at the time gains further legitimacy when considering that it was not accepted into the academic sphere until this period. The social, political and economic upheaval generated between the 17th and 19th centuries accounts for the appearance of sociology largely because it was thrust into prominence during this time and subsequently gained notoriety as an academic discipline.